Vol. 13. Núm. 6.
Páginas 327-337 (Abril 2020)

Actualización
Ascitis

Ascites

E. FábregaabcP. HuelinabcJ.I. ForteaabcJ. Crespoabc
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2020.04.004
Opciones
Resumen

La ascitis es la complicación más frecuente en los pacientes con cirrosis hepática e hipertensión portal, y suele ser la primera manifestación de la enfermedad en la mayoría de los casos. El desarrollo de ascitis en estos enfermos es consecuencia de una importante alteración de la hemodinámica sistémica y esplácnica y de la función renal. Dado que las alteraciones estructurales hepáticas son usualmente irreversibles, la mayoría de los pacientes cirróticos desarrollan episodios repetidos de ascitis durante el curso de la enfermedad que, en ocasiones, pueden ser persistentes o de difícil control a pesar de ser tratados de forma continua. El desarrollo de ascitis en la cirrosis es un signo de mal pronóstico. La probabilidad de supervivencia uno y cinco años después del primer episodio de ascitis es del 50 y 20%, respectivamente. Esta corta supervivencia debe ser tenida en cuenta al analizar el tratamiento de estos enfermos, especialmente en relación con la indicación del trasplante hepático como tratamiento definitivo y curativo.

Palabras clave
Ascitis
Cirrosis
Síndrome hepatorrenal
Hiponatremia
Abstract

Ascites is the most common complication in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and portal hypertension and is usually the first manifestation of the disease in most cases. The development of ascites in these patients is the result of a significant impairment in systemic and splanchnic haemodynamics and in renal function. Given that the structural hepatic abnormalities are typically irreversible, most patients with cirrhosis develop repeated episodes of ascites during the course of the disease, which can occasionally be persistent or difficult to control despite continuous treatment. The development of ascites in cirrhosis is a sign of a poor prognosis. The probability of survival 1 and 5 years after the first episode of ascites is 50% and 20%, respectively. This short survival needs to be considered when analysing these patients’ treatment, especially regarding the indication for liver transplantation as the definitive and curative treatment.

Keywords
Ascites
Cirrhosis
Hepatorenal syndrome
Hyponatremia

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