Vol. 14. Núm. 62.
Páginas 3846-3855 (Septiembre 2026)

Actualización
Valoración geriátrica integral y modelos predictivos de salud en el anciano

Comprehensive geriatric assessment and predictive models of health in older adults

I. Rodríguez-MiñónC. A. Colato LópezD. L. Sepúlveda MoyaL.M. Boscán GuevaraM.C. de Aguilar Caro
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2026.09.004
Opciones
Resumen

El envejecimiento poblacional constituye uno de los principales retos sanitarios del siglo XXI, asociado a un aumento de la multimorbilidad, la fragilidad y la discapacidad. En este contexto, la valoración geriátrica integral (VGI) es la herramienta fundamental para la evaluación multidimensional de la persona mayor, integrando las esferas funcional, mental, social y nutricional. Su aplicación permite identificar precozmente déficits y potencialidades, orientar intervenciones individualizadas y mejorar resultados clínicos relevantes, como la reducción de la dependencia, la institucionalización y la mortalidad.

Esta revisión actualiza los componentes esenciales de la VGI, con especial énfasis en la valoración funcional, la detección de fragilidad y el uso de escalas estandarizadas en distintos ámbitos asistenciales, incluyendo urgencias y oncogeriatría. Asimismo, se analizan los avances recientes en modelos predictivos de salud en geriatría, desde los índices clásicos basados en la acumulación de déficits hasta los nuevos enfoques apoyados en biomarcadores biológicos, relojes epigenéticos, tecnologías digitales, big data e inteligencia artificial.

La integración de la VGI con modelos predictivos validados ofrece un marco innovador para una geriatría preventiva, personalizada y centrada en la persona, facilitando la toma de decisiones clínicas, la planificación anticipada de cuidados y la optimización de recursos sanitarios en una población cada vez más envejecida.

Palabras clave
Valoración geriátrica integral
Fragilidad
Sarcopenia
Modelos predictivos
Envejecimiento saludable
Abstract

Population aging is one of the major health challenges of the 21st century. It is associated with an increase in multimorbidity, frailty, and disability. In this context, a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is the fundamental tool for the multidimensional evaluation of older adults, integrating the functional, mental, social, and nutritional domains. Its use allows for the early identification of deficits and potential strengths, guides individualized interventions, and improves relevant clinical outcomes, such as reducing dependence, institutionalization, and mortality.

This review updates the essential components of the CGA with a special emphasis on functional assessment and the detection of frailty, as well as the use of standardized scales in various clinical settings, including emergency departments and geriatric oncology. It also analyzes recent advances in predictive health models in geriatrics, ranging from classic indices based on the accumulation of deficits to new approaches supported by biological biomarkers, epigenetic clocks, digital technologies, big data, and artificial intelligence.

The integration of the CGA with validated predictive models offers an innovative framework for preventive, personalized, and person-centered geriatrics, facilitating clinical decision-making, advance care planning, and the optimization of healthcare resources in an increasingly aging population.

Keywords
Comprehensive geriatric assessment
Frailty
Sarcopenia
Predictive models
Healthy aging

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