Vol. 12. Núm. 11.
Páginas 617-626 (Mayo 2016)

Actualización
Ascitis, insuficiencia renal aguda y encefalopatía hepática

Ascites, acute renal failure and hepatic encephalopathy

R. García-Martínez
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2016.05.012
Opciones
Resumen
Ascitis

Es la complicación de la cirrosis más frecuente tras el hepatocarcinoma. El tratamiento de la ascitis no complicada se centra en incrementar la excreción renal de sodio con diuréticos. La ascitis refractaria requiere de paracentesis evacuadoras periódicas con reposición de albúmina. La derivación portosistémica percutánea intrahepática puede ser adecuada en casos bien seleccionados.

Síndrome hepatorrenal

El diagnóstico del síndrome hepatorrenal ha sido recientemente revisado, eliminándose los puntos de corte previamente establecidos. Esto favorece que los pacientes sean tratados de manera más precoz.

Encefalopatía hepática

Es un síndrome neuropsiquátrico que aparece en pacientes con alteraciones hepáticas muy diversas. Su diagnóstico se basa en manifestaciones clínicas sugestivas, la demostración de enfermedad hepática subyacente y la exclusión de otras causas. Su manejo requiere la búsqueda sistemática y la corrección de factores precipitantes y el uso de medidas hipoamoniémicas, siendo los disacáridos no absorbibles los fármacos de elección.

Trasplante hepático

Estas complicaciones de la cirrosis tienen mal pronóstico, por lo que los pacientes deben ser considerados para trasplante hepático.

Palabras clave
Cirrosis
Ascitis
Síndrome hepatorrenal
Encefalopatía hepática
Abstract
Ascites

Ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis after hepatocarcinoma. The treatment of uncomplicated ascites focuses on increasing the renal excretion of sodium with diuretics. Refractory ascites requires periodic evacuative paracentesis with albumin replenishment. Percutaneous intrahepatic portosystemic shunts can be appropriate in properly selected cases.

Hepatorenal syndrome

The diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome has been recently reviewed, eliminating the previously established cut-off points, which helps treat patients earlier.

Hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs in patients with highly diverse hepatic disorders. Its diagnosis is based on suggestive clinical manifestations, the demonstration of underlying liver disease and the ruling out of other causes. Its management requires the systematic search and correction of triggers and the use of hypoammonaemic measures, with nonabsorbable disaccharides the drugs of choice.

Liver transplantation

Patients with these complications of cirrhosis have a poor prognosis and should therefore be considered for liver transplantation.

Keywords
Cirrhosis
Ascites
Hepatorenal syndrome
Hepatic encephalopathy

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