Vol. 13. Núm. 50.
Páginas 2909-2918 (Marzo 2022)

Infecciones por enterococos

Enterococcal infections

J. Calderón-ParraabcA. Díaz de SantiagoabcA. Callejas Díazabc
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2022.02.020
Opciones
Resumen

Los enterococos son bacterias grampositivas anaerobias facultativas que se disponen en cadenas o parejas. Las especies más relevantes son Enterococcus faecalis y Enterococcus faecium. Son colonizadores normales del aparato digestivo. Pueden sobrevivir en superficies y entornos hospitalarios durante tiempo prolongado. Los contactos frecuentes con hospitales, comorbilidades, antibióticos previos y presencia de dispositivos se asocian con un mayor riesgo de infección. Pueden dar lugar a múltiples síndromes clínicos, siendo más frecuentes en infecciones asociadas a cuidados sanitarios que en comunitarias. Destacan infecciones del tracto urinario, infecciones intraabdominales, bacteriemias asociadas a catéter venoso, endocarditis, meningitis e infecciones de herida quirúrgica. En toda bacteriemia enterocócica se debe valorar la presencia de endocarditis, siendo útiles para ello los scores NOVA y DENOVA. Enterococcus faecalis suele ser sensible a ampicilina y este es su tratamiento de elección. En casos de endocarditis o bacteriemia complicada, se recomienda la combinación con ceftriaxona o gentamicina. Enterococcus faecium suele ser resistente a ampicilina y su tratamiento de elección es vancomicina. El tratamiento de los enterococos resistentes a vancomicina no está bien definido y supone un reto, siendo las principales opciones daptomicina en dosis altas o linezolid. En el manejo de las infecciones enterocócicas, es fundamental el control adecuado del foco.

Palabras clave
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Enterococos resistentes a vancomicina
Abstract

Enterococci are facultative anaerobic gram-positive bacteria that are arranged in chains or pairs. The most relevant species are Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. They are normal colonizers of the digestive system. They can survive on surfaces and in hospital settings for an extended period of time. Frequent contact with hospitals, comorbidities, prior antibiotic use, and presence of medical devices are associated with a greater risk of infection. They can give rise to multiple clinical syndromes and are more common in healthcare-associated infections than community infections. Of note are urinary tract infections, intra-abdominal infections, venous catheter-related bacteremias, endocarditis, meningitis, and surgical wound infections. The presence of endocarditis must be evaluated in all enterococci bacteremias; the NOVA and DENOVA scores are useful for doing so. Enterococcus faecalis tend to be sensitive to ampicillin, which is the treatment of choice. In cases of endocarditis or complicated bacteremia, it is recommended to combine them with ceftriaxone or gentamicin. Enterococcus faecium tend to be resistant to ampicillin and the treatment of choice is vancomycin. Treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci is not well-defined and represents a challenge; the main options are daptomycin at high doses or linezolid. Adequate control of the source of the infection is fundamental in the management of enterococcal infections.

Keywords
Enterococcus faecalis
Enterococcus faecium
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci

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