Vol. 12. Núm. 16.
Páginas 909-914 (Septiembre 2016)

Actualización
Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia

A. Quesada MorenoM.D. Sánchez GonzálezC. Hidalgo CallejaC. Montilla MoralesJ. del Pino-Montes
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2016.07.004
Opciones
Resumen
Etiología

Osteomalacia y raquitismo son entidades relacionadas con un defecto de la mineralización ósea. La causa más frecuente es el déficit severo de vitamina D que en nuestro medio se da en situaciones de exclusión social o malabsorción. Menos frecuentes son las alteraciones congénitas o adquiridas del metabolismo de la vitamina D, diversos tipos de hipofosfatemia o la presencia de inhibidores de la mineralización. Existe una forma paraneoplásica de osteomalacia relacionada con tumores que expresan FGF-23, hormona fosfatúrica.

Manifestaciones clínicas

El cuadro clínico suele ser asintomático, pero puede haber dolores óseos y debilidad muscular. La tetania se observa en casos con hipocalcemia severa. En las formas muy evolucionadas la radiología muestra vértebras bicóncavas o deformidad de los huesos largos con pseudofracturas de Looser. Cuando hay déficit de vitamina D, los niveles sanguíneos de 25(OH)2D, calcio, fósforo y la calciuria están descendidos, mientras la fosfatasa alcalina y la PTH en sangre están elevadas.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento

Se confirma por histomorfometría ósea. Es importante tratar la causa de la osteomalacia, si fuera posible. En caso de déficit de vitamina D, se corregirá la deficiencia asegurando una adecuada ingesta de calcio. En algunas ocasiones se necesitarán dosis muy elevadas de vitamina D.

Palabras clave
Osteomalacia
Mineralización
Vitamina D
FGF-23
Abstract
Aetiology

Osteomalacia and rickets are entities related to a bone mineralisation defect. The most common cause is severe vitamin D deficiency, which in Spain takes place in conditions of social exclusion and malabsorption. Less common causes include congenital and acquired vitamin D metabolism abnormalities, various types of hypophosphataemia and the presence of mineralisation inhibitors. There is a paraneoplastic form of osteomalacia related to tumours that express the phosphaturic hormone FGF-23.

Clinical manifestations

The clinical condition is usually asymptomatic but can include bone pain and muscle weakness. Tetany is observed in cases with severe hypocalcaemia. In highly progressed forms, radiology shows biconcave vertebra or long bone deformation with Looser's zones (pseudofractures). When there is a vitamin D deficiency, blood levels of 25(OH)2D, calcium, phosphorus and calciuria are decreased, while blood phosphatase alkaline and PTH levels are high.

Diagnosis and treatment

The diagnosis is confirmed by bone histomorphometry. It is important to treat the cause of the osteomalacia, if possible. For vitamin D deficiency, the deficit is corrected by ensuring a proper intake of calcium. Very high doses of vitamin D are sometimes necessary.

Keywords
Osteomalacia
Mineralisation
Vitamin D
FGF-23

Identifíquese

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