Vol. 13. Núm. 33.
Páginas 1917-1931 (Mayo 2021)

Actualización
Papel del sistema inmune en la infección por el SARS-CoV-2: inmunopatología de la COVID-19

Role of the immune system in SARS-CoV-2 infection: immunopathology of COVID-19

J. Monserrat SanzabA.M. Gómez LahozaR. Oliva Martína
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2021.05.005
Opciones
Resumen

El sistema inmune es capaz de controlar adecuadamente la infección por el SARS-CoV-2 en un 81% de los pacientes, cursando de una forma asintomática o con sintomatología moderada; sin embargo, un 19% de los pacientes infectados sufren una enfermedad grave, que llega a convertirse en crítica y mortal. Este trabajo de revisión pretende proporcionar un repaso a los antecedentes epidemiológicos de los β-coronavirus, describir el mecanismo de infección del SARS-CoV-2 y resumir la base inmunológica racional que se conoce hasta la actualidad para permitir una mejor comprensión de la inmunopatología de la COVID-19. El virus SARS-CoV-2 es capaz de alterar profundamente el comportamiento de los componentes moleculares y celulares del sistema inmune. Las decisiones iniciales del sistema inmune innato son responsables de una correcta o inadecuada respuesta del sistema inmune adaptativo y, junto con las comorbilidades, están directamente asociadas a la progresión de la patología.

Palabras clave
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Sistema inmune innato
Sistema inmune adaptativo
Abstract

The immune system is capable of adequately controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection in 81% of patients, whose disease is asymptomatic or who experience moderate symptoms. However, 19% of infected patients develop severe disease which can become critical or fatal. This review article intends to provide an overview of the epidemiological antecedents of β-coronaviruses, describe the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and summarize the rational immunological underpinnings known at present which allow for a better understanding of the immunopathology of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is capable of profoundly altering the behavior of molecular and cellular components of the immune system. The initial decisions of the innate immune system are responsible for a proper or improper response of the adaptive immune system and, along with comorbidities, are directly associated with disease progression.

Keywords
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Innate immune system
Adaptive immune system

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