Vol. 13. Núm. 34.
Páginas 1985-1994 (Mayo 2021)

Actualización
Vasculitis de gran vaso: arteritis de células gigantes y arteritis de Takayasu

Large-vessel vasculitis: giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis

J. Álvarez-TroncosoaB. Gracia-TellobM. FreirecB. Sopeñac
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2021.05.011
Opciones
Resumen

Las vasculitis de gran vaso afectan predominantemente a la arteria aorta y sus ramas y se clasifican en dos entidades principales: la arteritis de células gigantes (ACG) y la arteritis de Takayasu (ATK). La ACG suele presentarse con cefalea temporal de reciente comienzo, claudicación mandibular e hipersensibilidad del cuero cabelludo. Algunos pacientes presentarán también síntomas visuales (amaurosis fugaz y neuritis óptica anterior) y manifestaciones sistémicas como la polimialgia reumática, la fiebre y la pérdida de peso. La biopsia de arteria temporal es una ayuda importante en su diagnóstico. Otras herramientas son la ecografía de arterias temporales, la tomografía por emisión de positrones combinada con tomografía computarizada (PET-TC) y la angiorresonancia magnética (RM). Los glucocorticoides (GC) son el pilar del tratamiento de la ACG, reservando la asociación de tocilizumab o metotrexato para pacientes con recurrencias o con toxicidad importante relacionada con los corticoides. La aparición de síntomas en la ATK tiende a ser subaguda, lo que a menudo conduce a un retraso diagnóstico. El diagnóstico clínico de la ATK puede ser realizado en base a hallazgos clínicos sugestivos (síntomas constitucionales, carotidinia, hipertensión, pulsos disminuidos o ausentes y/o soplos arteriales en pacientes de menos de 40 años) y una prueba de imagen que muestre el estrechamiento vascular de la aorta y/o sus ramas primarias. La angio-TC ayuda a detectar complicaciones de la vasculitis y la PET/TC al evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento. El pilar del tratamiento de la ATK son los GC sistémicos, recomendando la asociación precoz de un fármaco ahorrador de esteroides debido a la alta tasa de recaída.

Palabras clave
Vasculitis de grandes vasos
Arteritis de células gigantes
Arteritis de Takayasu
Abstract

Large-vessel vasculitis predominantly affects the aorta and its branches and is classified into two main entities: giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TKA). GCA usually presents with new-onset temporal headache, jaw claudication and scalp hypersensitivity. Some patients also have visual symptoms (amaurosis fugax and anterior optic neuritis) and systemic manifestations such as polymyalgia rheumatica, fever and weight loss. Temporal artery biopsy is an important diagnostic aid. Other tools include temporal artery ultrasound, positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET-CT) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Glucocorticoids (GC) are the mainstay of treatment for GCA, reserving combining with tocilizumab or methotrexate for patients with recurrences or significant corticosteroid-related toxicity. The onset of symptoms in TKA tends to be subacute, often resulting in diagnostic delay. A clinical diagnosis of TKA can be based on suggestive clinical findings (constitutional symptoms, carotid artery disease, hypertension, decreased or absent pulses and/or arterial murmurs in patients under 40 years of age) and an imaging test showing vascular narrowing of the aorta and/or its primary branches. Angio-CT helps to detect complications of vasculitis and PET/CT to assess response to treatment. Systemic GCs are the mainstay of treatment for TKA, and the early combination of a steroid-sparing drug due to the high rate of relapse.

Keywords
Large vessel vasculitis
Giant cell arteritis
Takayasu's arteritis

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