Vol. 13. Núm. 7.
Páginas 365-373 (Abril 2020)

Actualización
Alteraciones motoras del esófago

Oesophageal motility disorders

J.E. Domínguez MuñozaB. Cigarrán Vicenteb
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2020.05.001
Opciones
Resumen

El conocimiento de las alteraciones motoras esofágicas ha presentado un importante desarrollo en este milenio con la aparición y aplicación generalizada de la manometría de alta resolución. Esta técnica permite caracterizar de manera muy eficaz la topografía de presión y morfológica, tanto de la actividad contráctil del cuerpo esofágico como de la unión esofagogástrica (UEG). Con su empleo, se reconocen en la actualidad alteraciones motoras que cursan con obstrucción de la UEG (acalasia y obstrucción de la UEG) y alteraciones hipercontráctiles (espasmo esofágico distal y esófago hipercontráctil) e hipocontráctiles (contractilidad ausente) de la peristalsis esofágica. Estas alteraciones se presentan clínicamente en forma de disfagia y/o dolor torácico asociado a la deglución. Su diagnóstico requiere inicialmente la exclusión de causas orgánicas (por ejemplo, cáncer, estenosis péptica, esofagitis eosinofílica) y posteriormente su caracterización mediante manometría de alta resolución. El tratamiento de las alteraciones motoras esofágicas se basa fundamentalmente en la disminución de la presión basal de la UEG mediante dilatación neumática o miotomía endoscópica o quirúrgica y, menos frecuentemente, mediante el uso de fármacos y la inyección local de toxina botulínica.

Palabras clave
Acalasia
Disfagia
Dolor torácico
Esófago hipercontráctil
Espasmo esofágico distal
Manometría
Obstrucción de la unión esofagogástrica
Abstract

Our understanding of oesophageal motility disorders has grown significantly in this millennium with the emergence and widespread implementation of high-resolution manometry. This technique is highly effective in characterising the topography of pressure and morphology, both of the contractile activity of the oesophageal body and the oesophagogastric junction (OGJ). Through the use of this technique, motility disorders have been recognised that progress with OGJ outflow obstruction (achalasia and OGJ outflow obstruction), hypercontractility disorders (distal oesophageal spasm and hypercontractile oesophagus) and hypocontractility disorders (absent contractility) of oesophageal peristalsis. These disorders present clinically in the form of dysphagia and/or chest pain associated with swallowing. The diagnosis initially requires the ruling out of organic causes (e.g., cancer, peptic stricture, eosinophilic oesophagitis), followed by the characterisation of the disorders using high-resolution manometry. The treatment for oesophageal motility disorders is mainly based on reducing the baseline pressure of the OGJ through pneumatic dilation or endoscopic or surgical myotomy and less frequently through the use of drugs and the local injection of botulinum toxin.

Keywords
Achalasia
Dysphagia
Chest pain
Hypercontractile oesophagus
Distal oesophageal spasm
Manometry
Oesophagogastric junction obstruction

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