Vol. 14. Núm. 5.
Páginas 233-241 (Marzo 2024)

Actualización
Enfermedad celíaca

Celiac disease

B. Castro SenosiainabA. González PascualabM. Rivero TiradoabJ. Crespo Garcíaab
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2024.03.002
Opciones
Resumen

La enfermedad celíaca (EC) se define como una enteropatía autoinmune crónica desencadenada por la ingesta de gluten que afecta a individuos genéticamente predispuestos. Su prevalencia ha aumentado en los últimos años (se estima en torno a un 1%), debido principalmente a la mayor implantación del cribado de individuos de riesgo y a la mejora de las herramientas diagnósticas. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la EC tienen un amplio espectro, con síntomas de presentación muy variados, tanto digestivos como extradigestivos. Como herramientas diagnósticas fundamentales ante la sospecha clínica disponemos de la determinación de serología (elevada sensibilidad y especificidad), junto con el estudio genético y posterior confirmación histológica con biopsia duodenal. El único tratamiento efectivo en la EC es la retirada completa del gluten en la dieta. Es muy importante una correcta labor formativa y educativa por parte de los profesionales sanitarios para asegurar una buena adherencia a la dieta sin gluten y evitar complicaciones asociadas a largo plazo como EC refractaria o desarrollo de linfoma intestinal.

Palabras clave
Celíaca
Gluten
Atrofia vellositaria
Abstract

Celiac disease (CD) is defined as a chronic autoimmune enteropathy triggered by gluten intake that affects genetically predisposed individuals. Its prevalence has increased in recent years (it is estimated to be around 1%), mainly due to increased implementation of screening of at-risk individuals and improved diagnostic tools. There is a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations of CD, with a wide variety of presenting symptoms, both digestive and extra-digestive. When there is a clinical suspicion, the available diagnostic tools include a serology determination (high sensitivity and specificity) together with a genetic study and later histological confirmation with a duodenal biopsy. The only effective treatment for CD is the complete elimination of gluten from the diet. Proper training and education by healthcare professionals is very important in order to ensure good adherence to a gluten-free diet and to avoid associated long-term complications such as refractory CD or the development of intestinal lymphoma.

Keywords
Celiac
Gluten
Villous atrophy

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