Vol. 13. Núm. 67.
Páginas 3923-3932 (Noviembre 2022)

Actualización
Tumores torácicos

Thoracic tumors

P.D. Benavides MañasG.M. Siesto LópezC. Vizoso GálvezM.P. Roncal
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2022.11.001
Opciones
Resumen

Los tumores torácicos y mediastínicos son múltiples y heterogéneos. Los tumores torácicos tienen una amplia clasificación, basada en criterios anatomopatológicos, con una integración progresiva de la inmunohistoquímica y las características genéticas tumorales, importantes de cara a posibles tratamientos sistémicos de dichos tumores. Se dividen en tumores parenquimatosos, mesenquimales, de pared torácica (osteocartilaginosos, de partes blandas, hematológicos y metastásicos), linfohistiocíticos y primarios de origen ectópico. Las técnicas de imagen y la sospecha clínica nos deben ayudar a la elección de la técnica diagnóstica, intentando realizar en el mismo acto el diagnóstico y la estadificación de la manera menos agresiva posible, para plantear cuanto antes un tratamiento. Las lesiones mediastínicas se dividen según la zona del mediastino a la que afectan y su clínica depende de la afectación sistémica, de los síndromes paraneoplásicos asociados y de la invasión y/o compresión de las estructuras cercanas. Para su diagnóstico de sospecha son fundamentales las técnicas de imagen, con confirmación diagnóstica posterior citológica/histológica. El tratamiento dependerá de la lesión, siendo habitualmente la cirugía en las lesiones benignas o limitadas y la quimioterapia y/o la radioterapia en las lesiones avanzadas o más agresivas.

Palabras clave
Mediastino
Cavidad torácica
TC torácica
Timoma
Abstract

There are multiple, heterogeneous types of thoracic and mediastinal cancers. Thoracic tumors have a broad classification based on anatomical-pathological criteria with a progressive integration of immunohistochemical aspects and characteristics related to tumor genetics which are important in regard to possible systemic treatments for these tumors. They are classified as parenchymal tumors, mesenchymal tumors, thoracic wall (osteocartilaginous, soft tissue, hematological, and metastatic) tumors, lymphohistiocytic tumors, and primary tumors of ectopic origin. Imaging techniques and clinical suspicion should help us in choosing a diagnostic technique. The diagnosis and staging should be performed in the same procedure in the least aggressive manner possible so as to propose a treatment as soon as possible. Mediastinal lesions are classified according to the mediastinal area they affect. Their symptoms depend on systemic involvement, associated paraneoplastic syndromes, and invasion and/or compression of nearby structures. Imaging techniques are fundamental for a suspected diagnosis, with later cytological/histological diagnostic confirmation. Treatment will depend on the lesion. Surgery is common in benign or limited lesions and chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in advanced or more aggressive lesions.

Keywords
Mediastinum
Thoracic cavity
Chest CT scan
Thymoma

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