Vol. 13. Núm. 62.
Páginas 3649-3658 (Septiembre 2022)

Actualización
Delirium en los pacientes mayores

Delirium in older patients

E.A. Rodríguez EspesoJ. Mateos-NozalE.M. Sánchez García
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2022.08.011
Opciones
Resumen

El delirium es un síndrome clínico caracterizado por una alteración transitoria del nivel de conciencia, de inicio agudo y curso fluctuante, que asocia alteraciones de la cognición y el comportamiento. Suele producirse de forma secundaria a causas orgánicas (infecciones o fármacos), siendo muy prevalente en los mayores hospitalizados. Se clasifica en hipoactivo, hiperactivo y mixto. Su diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico, estando validadas varias herramientas de diagnóstico rápido (4AT, CAM) que complementan la valoración clínica. Las intervenciones no farmacológicas multicomponente han demostrado ser las más efectivas tanto para su prevención como a nivel terapéutico. El punto clave del tratamiento es tratar las causas desencadenantes. El control farmacológico puede estar justificado cuando esté comprometida la seguridad del paciente o del equipo asistencial, o en cuadros que le provoquen al paciente gran estrés emocional, siendo los neurolépticos los fármacos utilizados. Se debe elegir el fármaco con el perfil de efectos secundarios más favorable a las características de cada paciente, con vistas a utilizarlo el menor tiempo posible.

Palabras clave
Delirium
Mayores
Hospitalización
Neurolépticos
Abstract

Delirium is a clinical syndrome characterized by transitory changes in level of consciousness that has an acute onset and fluctuating course and is associated with cognition and behavior changes. It tends to occur secondary to organic causes (infections or drugs) and is very prevalent in hospitalized older adults. It is classified as hypoactive, hyperactive, or mixed. Its diagnosis is fundamentally clinical. Several rapid diagnostic tools have been validated (4AT, CAM) which complement the clinical assessment. Multicomponent non-pharmacological interventions have been demonstrated to be the most effective in both its prevention and its treatment. The key point in treatment is treating the triggering causes. Pharmacological control could be justified when the patient's or healthcare team's safety is compromised or when symptoms cause the patient great emotional stress. Neuroleptics are the most used drugs. The drug with the most favorable side effects profile according to each patient's characteristics should be chosen and they should be used for the shortest possible time.

Keywords
Delirium
Older adults
Hospitalization
Neuroleptics

Identifíquese

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