Vol. 13. Núm. 62.
Páginas 3643-3648 (Septiembre 2022)

Actualización
Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia

B. Montero-ErrasquínA.J. Cruz-Jentoft
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2022.08.010
Opciones
Resumen

Se define la sarcopenia como una alteración progresiva y generalizada del músculo esquelético, con pérdida acelerada de masa y función muscular y que está relacionada con resultados negativos de salud como deterioro funcional, caídas, fragilidad y aumento de costes sanitarios y de mortalidad. La definición y los criterios diagnósticos más empleados son los del European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). Proponen un diagnóstico probable de sarcopenia cuando se detecte una fuerza muscular disminuida y se confirmaría dicho diagnóstico cuando también se observa la presencia de cantidad o calidad muscular bajas. Definen sarcopenia grave cuando se detecta baja fuerza muscular, baja calidad/cantidad muscular y bajo rendimiento físico. La medición de una masa muscular baja mediante DXA confirma el diagnóstico de sarcopenia (con puntos de corte actualizados inferiores a 7kg/m2 para hombres y menores de 5,5kg/m2 para mujeres). En la actualidad, no hay ningún tratamiento farmacológico específico aprobado para tratar la sarcopenia. Como terapias no farmacológicas, el ejercicio físico de fuerza o resistencia ha demostrado evidencia moderada con fuerte grado de recomendación.

Palabras clave
Sarcopenia
Mayores
Fuerza muscular
Función muscular
Abstract

Sarcopenia is defined as a progressive, generalized muscular-skeletal abnormality with accelerated loss of muscle mass and function. It is related to negative health outcomes such as functional impairment, falls, frailty, an increase in healthcare costs, and mortality. The most used definition and diagnostic criteria are those of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). They propose a probable diagnosis of sarcopenia when diminished muscle strength is detected. Said diagnosis would be confirmed when the presence of low muscle quantity or quality is measured. They define severe sarcopenia as the detection of low muscle strength, low muscle quantity/quality, and low physical performance. The measurement of low muscle mass by means of DXA confirms the diagnosis of sarcopenia (with updated cut-off points of less than 7kg/m2 for men and less than 5.5kg/m2 for women). At present, no specific drug for treating sarcopenia has been approved. As non-pharmacological therapies, strength or resistance exercise has shown moderate quality of evidence and a strong level of recommendation.

Keywords
Sarcopenia
Older adults
Muscle strength
Muscle function

Identifíquese

¿Aún no es suscriptor de la revista?

Comprar el acceso al artículo

Comprando el artículo el pdf del mismo podrá ser descargado

Teléfono para incidencias

De lunes a viernes de 9h a 18h (GMT+1) excepto los meses de julio y agosto que será de 9 a 15h

Llamadas desde España 932 415 960
Llamadas desde fuera de España +34 932 415 960
Bibliografía
[1]
I.H. Rosenberg
202209070540129808
202209070540129809
.
Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance.
Clin Geriatr Med., (2011), 27 pp. 337-339
[2]
A.J. Cruz-Jentoft
2022090705401298010
2022090705401298011
, A.A. Sayer.
Sarcopenia.
Lancet, (2019), 393 pp. 2636-2646
[3]
A.J. Cruz-Jentoft
2022090705401298012
2022090705401298013
, J.P. Baeyens, J.M. Bauer, Y. Boirie, T. Cederholm, F. Landi, et al.
Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People.
Age Ageing., (2010), 39 pp. 412-423
[4]
A.J. Cruz-Jentoft
2022090705401298014
2022090705401298015
, G. Bahat, J. Bauer, Y. Boirie, O. Bruyère, T. Cederholm, et al.
Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis.
Age Ageing., (2019), 48 pp. 16-31
[5]
A.A. Sayer
2022090705401298016
2022090705401298017
, H. Syddall, H. Martin, H. Patel, D. Baylis, C. Cooper.
The developmental origins of sarcopenia.
J Nutr Health Aging., (2008), 12 pp. 427-432
[6]
A.A. Sayer
2022090705401298018
2022090705401298019
, H.E. Syddall, H.J. Gilbody, E.M. Dennison, C. Cooper.
Does sarcopenia originate in early life? Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci., (2004), 59 pp. M930-M934
[7]
J.M. Rijk
2022090705401298020
2022090705401298021
, P.R. Roos, L. Deckx, M. Akker, van den, F. Buntinx.
Prognostic value of handgrip strength in people aged 60 years and older: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Geriatr Gerontol Int., (2016), 16 pp. 5-20
[8]
F. Buckinx
2022090705401298022
2022090705401298023
, F. Landi, M. Cesari, R.A. Fielding, M. Visser, K. Engelke, et al.
Pitfalls in the measurement of muscle mass: a need for a reference standard: Measurement of muscle mass.
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle., (2018), 9 pp. 269-278
[9]
R.A. Fielding
2022090705401298024
2022090705401298025
, B. Vellas, W.J. Evans, S. Bhasin, J.E. Morley, A.B. Newman, et al.
Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: Prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International Working Group on Sarcopenia.
J Am Med Dir Assoc., (2011), 12 pp. 249-256
[10]
J.A. Serra Rexach
2022090705401298026
2022090705401298027
.
Consecuencias clínicas de la sarcopenia.
Nutr Hosp., (2006), 5 pp. 46-50
[11]
A.J. Cruz-Jentoft
2022090705401298028
2022090705401298029
, J.E. Morley.
Sarcopenia.
Wiley-Blackwell, (2012),
[12]
On behalf
2022090705401298030
2022090705401298031
of the SPRINTT Consortium, E. Marzetti, R. Calvani, M. Tosato, M. Cesari, M. Di Bari, et al.
Sarcopenia: an overview.
Aging Clin Exp Res., (2017), 29 pp. 11-17
[13]
L. Xia
2022090705401298032
2022090705401298033
, R. Zhao, Q. Wan, Y. Wu, Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, et al.
Sarcopenia and adverse health-related outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies.
Cancer Med., (2020), 9 pp. 7964-7978
[14]
P. Liu
2022090705401298034
2022090705401298035
, Q. Hao, S. Hai, H. Wang, L. Cao, B. Dong.
Sarcopenia as a predictor of all-cause mortality among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
[15]
H.W. Kou
2022090705401298036
, C.H. Yeh, H.I. Tsai, C.C. Hsu, Y.C. Hsieh, W.T. Chen, et al.
Sarcopenia is an effective predictor of difficult-to-wean and mortality among critically ill surgical patients.
[16]
L. Stone
2022090705401298037
2022090705401298038
, B. Olson, A. Mowery, S. Krasnow, A. Jiang, R. Li, et al.
Association between sarcopenia and mortality in patients undergoing surgical excision of head and neck cancer.
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg., (2019), 145 pp. 647-654
[17]
V. Atmis
2022090705401298039
, A. Yalcin, K. Silay, S. Ulutas, R. Bahsi, T. Turgut, et al.
The relationship between all-cause mortality sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity among hospitalized older people.
Aging Clin Exp Res., (2019), 31 pp. 1563-1572
[18]
M.C. González
2022090705401298040
2022090705401298041
, T.G. Barbosa-Silva, S.B. Heymsfield.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis in the assessment of sarcopenia.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care., (2018), 21 pp. 366-374
[19]
S. Guerri
2022090705401298042
2022090705401298043
, D. Mercatelli, M.P. Aparisi Gómez, A. Napoli, G. Battista, G. Guglielmi, et al.
Quantitative imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
Quant Imaging Med Surg., (2018), 8 pp. 60-85
[20]
S. Perkisas
2022090705401298044
2022090705401298045
, S. Bastijns, S. Baudry, J. Bauer, C. Beaudart, D. Beckwée, et al.
Application of ultrasound for muscle assessment in sarcopenia: 2020 SARCUS update.
Eur Geriatr Med., (2021), 12 pp. 45-59
[21]
M. Shankaran
2022090705401298046
, G. Czerwieniec, C. Fessler, P.A. Wong, S. Killion, S.M. Turner, et al.
Dilution of oral D 3 -Creatine to measure creatine pool size and estimate skeletal muscle mass: development of a correction algorithm: Muscle mass measured by D3-creatine dilution.
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle., (2018), 9 pp. 540-546
[22]
H.C. Roberts
2022090705401298047
2022090705401298048
, H.J. Denison, H.J. Martin, H.P. Patel, H. Syddall, C. Cooper, et al.
A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: towards a standardised approach.
Age Ageing., (2011), 40 pp. 423-429
[23]
R.W. Bohannon
2022090705401298049
2022090705401298050
.
Hand-grip dynamometry predicts future outcomes in aging adults.
J Geriatr Phys Ther., (2008), 31 pp. 3-10
[24]
J.M. Guralnik
2022090705401298051
, E.M. Simonsick, L. Ferucci, R.J. Glynn, R.B. Wallace.
A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission.
J Gerontol., (1994), 49 pp. 85-94
[25]
S. Studenski
2022090705401298052
2022090705401298053
.
Gait Speed and Survival in Older Adults.
[26]
D. Podsiadlo
2022090705401298054
, S. Richardson.
The timed «Up & Go»: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons.
J Am Geriatr Soc., (1991), 39 pp. 142-148
[27]
T.K. Malmstrom
2022090705401298055
, J.E. Morley.
SARC-F: A simple questionnaire to rapidly diagnose sarcopenia.
J Am Med Dir Assoc., (2013), 14 pp. 531-532
[28]
For the SPRINTT
2022090705401298056
2022090705401298057
Consortium, R. Calvani, F. Marini, M. Cesari, M. Tosato, A. Picca, et al.
Biomarkers for physical frailty and sarcopenia.
Aging Clin Exp Res., (2017), 29 pp. 29-34
[29]
E. Dent
2022090705401298058
2022090705401298059
, J.E. Morley, A.J. Cruz-Jentoft, H. Arai, S.B. Kritchevsky, J. Guralnik, et al.
International Clinical Practice Guidelines for Sarcopenia (ICFSR): Screening, diagnosis and management.
J Nutr Health Aging., (2018), 22 pp. 1148-1161
[30]
D.E. Barajas-Galindo
2022090705401298060
2022090705401298061
, E. González Arnáiz, P. Ferrero Vicente, M.D. Ballesteros-Pomar.
Efectos del ejercicio físico en el anciano con sarcopenia. Una revisión sistemática.
Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr., (2021), 68 pp. 159-169
[31]
L. Vlietstra
2022090705401298062
2022090705401298063
, W. Hendrickx, D.L. Waters.
Exercise interventions in healthy older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Australas J Ageing., (2018), 37 pp. 169-183
[32]
W. Kemmler
2022090705401298064
2022090705401298065
, A. Grimm, M. Bebenek, M. Kohl, S. von Stengel.
Effects of combined whole-body electromyostimulation and protein supplementation on local and overall muscle/fat distribution in older men with sarcopenic obesity: The Randomized Controlled Franconia Sarcopenic Obesity (FranSO) Study.
Calcif Tissue Int., (2018), 103 pp. 266-277
[33]
S. Wu
2022090705401298066
2022090705401298067
, H.-T. Ning, S.-M. Xiao, M.-Y. Hu, X.-Y. Wu, H.-W. Deng, et al.
Effects of vibration therapy on muscle mass, muscle strength and physical function in older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Eur Rev Aging Phys Act., (2020), 17 pp. 14
[34]
A. Ganapathy
2022090705401298068
2022090705401298069
, J.W. Nieves.
Nutrition and sarcopenia—what do we know?.
Nutrients., (2020), 12 pp. 1755
[35]
F.M. Martínez-Arnau
2022090705401298070
, R. Fonfría-Vivas, C. Buigues, Y. Castillo, P. Molina, A.J. Hoogland, et al.
Effects of leucine administration in sarcopenia: A randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trial.
Nutrients., (2020), 12 pp. 932
[36]
Z. Lin
2022090705401298071
, Y. Zhao, Q. Chen.
Effects of oral administration of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate on lean body mass in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Eur Geriatr Med., (2021), 12 pp. 239-251
[37]
R. Bernabei, L. Mariotti, P. Bordes, R. Roubenoff.
The “Sarcopenia and Physical fRailty IN older people: multi-componenT Treatment strategies” (SPRINTT) project: advancing the care of physically frail and sarcopenic older people.
Aging Clin Exp Res., (2017), 29 pp. 1-2
[38]
J.-Y. Reginster
2022090705401298072
2022090705401298073
, C. Beaudart, N. Al-Daghri, B. Avouac, J. Bauer, N. Bere, et al.
Update on the ESCEO recommendation for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs aiming at the treatment of sarcopenia in older adults.
Aging Clin Exp Res., (2021), 33 pp. 3-17
[39]
J.P. Hardee
2022090705401298074
2022090705401298075
, G.S. Lynch.
Current pharmacotherapies for sarcopenia.
Expert Opin Pharmacother., (2019), 20 pp. 1645-1657
[40]
Y. Feike
2022090705401298076
2022090705401298077
, L. Zhijie, C. Wei.
Advances in research on pharmacotherapy of sarcopenia.
Aging Med., (2021), 4 pp. 221-233