Vol. 14. Núm. 4.
Páginas 192-201 (Marzo 2024)

Actualización
Enfermedad diverticular

Diverticular disease

S. Kheiri VázquezC. Usón PeirónN. García Martín
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2024.02.022
Opciones
Resumen

Los divertículos consisten en protrusiones en forma de saco que aparecen en los puntos débiles de la pared del colon y habitualmente son asintomáticos. La enfermedad diverticular se desarrolla cuando aparecen síntomas y su etiopatogenia es probablemente multifactorial, aunque no está del todo esclarecida. La diverticulosis complicada incluye la diverticulitis aguda que constituye la complicación más frecuente y uno de los motivos más habituales de consulta en los servicios de urgencias, y la hemorragia diverticular, una de las causas más frecuentes de hemorragia digestiva baja en nuestro medio. El diagnóstico de la diverticulitis aguda se establece con la tomografía computarizada de abdomen y el de la hemorragia mediante la realización de una colonoscopia completa, para la cual se recomienda una adecuada preparación previa del paciente mediante la toma de solución laxante oral. El tratamiento de la diverticulitis aguda se ha basado clásicamente en el uso de antibióticos, si bien la evidencia actual apoya la disminución del uso de tratamiento antibiótico en pacientes con diverticulitis aguda no complicada. En esta patología los antibióticos deben ir dirigidos contra una etiología polimicrobiana constituida por bacilos gramnegativos y anaerobios principalmente.

Palabras clave
Colonoscopia
Hemorragia diverticular
Diverticulitis aguda
Cirugía
Abstract

Diverticula are sac-like protrusions that appear in the weak points of the colon wall. They are usually asymptomatic. Diverticular disease develops when symptoms appear. Its etiopathogenesis is likely multifactorial, although it is not fully known. Complicated diverticulosis includes acute diverticulitis, which is the most frequent complication and one of the most common reasons for consultation in emergency departments, and diverticular hemorrhage, one of the most frequent causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in our setting. A diagnosis of acute diverticulitis is established through an abdominal computed tomography scan. A diagnosis of hemorrhage is established by performing a full colonoscopy, for which adequate prior preparation of the patient by means of taking an oral laxative solution is recommended. The treatment of acute diverticulitis has classically been based on the use of antibiotics, although current evidence supports a decrease in the use of antibiotic treatment in patients with uncomplicated acute diverticulitis. In this disease, antibiotics must target a polymicrobial etiology consisting mainly of gram-negative and anaerobic bacilli.

Keywords
Colonoscopy
Diverticular hemorrhage
Acute diverticulitis
Surgery

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