Vol. 12. Núm. 6.
Páginas 297-307 (Marzo 2016)

Actualización
Cáncer colorrectal

Colorectal cancer

E. Rodríguez de SantiagoB. PeñasF. MesoneroS. ParejoA. Albillos
Doi : https://10.1016/j.med.2016.03.003
Opciones
Resumen
Epidemiología

El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la neoplasia más frecuente en España y la tercera a nivel mundial. Aproximadamente el 80% de los tumores son esporádicos, en un 20% existe un factor de riesgo familiar y un 5% aparecen en el seno de un síndrome hereditario bien definido.

Patogenia

Aunque el CCR puede originarse sobre una mucosa colónica previamente sana, en la mayoría de las ocasiones el CCR surge de la degeneración neoplásica de un pólipo adenomatoso.

Diagnóstico

Los programas de detección precoz mediante la implantación de un cribado en poblaciones de riesgo medio ha demostrado ser coste-eficaces, con un descenso de la mortalidad por CCR entre el 30-70%. La colonoscopia es el método más sensible y específico pero su limitada aceptación y su elevado coste han llevado a que estos programas inicien el cribado mediante la prueba inmunoquímica para sangre oculta en heces.

Tratamiento

La cirugía sigue siendo el tratamiento más efectivo, precedida de quimio-radioterapia en el cáncer de recto localmente avanzado. La quimioterapia ha demostrado mejorar la supervivencia y la calidad de vida en los estadios III y IV. En esta revisión actualizamos los aspectos moleculares, epidemiológicos, diagnósticos y terapéuticos más relevantes de esta patología.

Palabras clave
Cáncer colorrectal
Pólipo adenomatoso
Detección precoz
Colonoscopia
Sangre oculta en heces
Tratamiento
Abstract
Epidemiology

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common malignancy in Spain and the third worldwide. Approximately 80% are sporadic, 20% exhibit familial clustering and 5% occur within a well-defined hereditary syndrome.

Pathogeny

Although sometimes CRC originates from a previously healthy colonic mucosa, in most cases CRC arises from malignant transformation of an adenomatous polyp.

Diagnosis

Screening in average-risk populations has proven to decline mortality by 30-70% and to be cost-effective. Colonoscopy is the most sensitive and specific method but its limited acceptance and high cost have positioned immunological faecal occult blood testing as the initial procedure in screening programs.

Treatment

Surgery remains the most effective treatment preceded by chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Chemotherapy has been shown to improve overall survival and quality of life in stages III and IV. In this review we update the most relevant molecular, epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of this entity.

Keywords
Colorectal cancer
Adenomatous polyp
Screening
Colonoscopy
Faecal occult blood
Treatment

Identifíquese

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